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How Many Valence Electrons Do All the Elements in the Halogen Family Have?

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In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons that are located in the outermost electron shell of an element. Knowing how to find the number of valence electrons in a particular cantlet is an important skill for chemists because this data determines the kinds of chemical bonds that it can form and, therefore, the element's reactivity. Luckily, all yous need to find an element'southward valence electrons is a standard periodic table of the elements.

Non-Transition Metals

  1. 1

    Discover a periodic table of elements. This is a color-coded table made upwardly of many different squares that lists all of the chemical elements known to humankind. The periodic table reveals lots of information about the elements — we'll utilise some of this information to make up one's mind the number of valence electrons in the atom nosotros're investigating. Y'all can usually detect these inside the comprehend of chemistry textbooks. There is as well an excellent interactive tabular array available online here.[1]

  2. 2

    Label each column on the periodic table of elements from 1 to 18. Generally, on a periodic table, all of the elements in a single vertical cavalcade volition have the aforementioned number of valence electrons. If your periodic table doesn't already have each cavalcade numbered, give each a number starting with 1 for the far left end and eighteen for the far right end. In scientific terms, these columns are called the element "groups." [ii]

    • For example, if we were working with a periodic table where the groups aren't numbered, we would write a 1 above Hydrogen (H), a 2 in a higher place Beryllium (Be), and so on until writing an 18 above Helium (He).

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  3. 3

    Find your chemical element on the table. Now, locate the element that y'all want to discover the valence electrons for on the table. You can exercise this with its chemical symbol (the messages in each box), its diminutive number (the number in the top left of each box), or any of the other pieces of data available to you on the table.

    • For example purposes, let'due south detect the valence electrons for a very common element: carbon (C). This element has an diminutive number of vi. It is located at the superlative of group 14. In the next stride, we'll detect its valence electrons.
    • In this subsection, nosotros're going to be ignoring the Transitional metals, which are the elements in the rectangle-shaped block fabricated by Groups 3 to 12. These elements are a niggling different from the rest, and so the steps in this subsection won't work on them. See how to deal with these in the subsection below.

  4. 4

    Utilize the group numbers to make up one's mind the number of valence electrons. The Group number of a not-transition metal can be used to find the number of valence electrons in an cantlet of that element. The ones place of the group number is the number of valence electrons in an cantlet of these elements. In other words:

    • Grouping i: i valence electron
    • Group 2: 2 valence electrons
    • Grouping 13: 3 valence electrons
    • Group 14: 4 valence electrons
    • Grouping 15: v valence electrons
    • Grouping 16: 6 valence electrons
    • Group 17: 7 valence electrons
    • Grouping 18: 8 valence electrons (except for helium, which has 2)
    • In our example, since carbon is in group 14, nosotros can say that one atom of carbon has four valence electrons.

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Transition Metals

  1. i

    Find an element from Groups three to 12. As noted higher up, the elements in groups 3 to 12 are called "transition metals" and behave differently than the residuum of the elements when it comes to valence electrons. In this section, we'll explain how, to a certain extent, it'south often not possible to assign valence electrons to these atoms.

    • For case purposes, let's pick Tantalum (Ta), element 73. In the next few steps, we'll detect its valence electrons (or, at to the lowest degree, endeavor to.)
    • Note that the transition metals include the lanthanide and actinide serial (also called the "rare earth metals") — the two rows of elements that are usually positioned below the rest of the table that start with lanthanum and actinium. These elements all belong to group three of the periodic tabular array.

  2. 2

    Understand that transition metals don't have "traditional" valence electrons. Understanding why transition metals don't really "piece of work" similar the rest of the periodic table requires a little caption of the manner electrons acquit in atoms. Meet beneath for a quick run-through or skip this step to get right to the answers.

    • As electrons are added to an atom, they are sorted into different "orbitals" — basically different areas around the nucleus that the electrons congregate in. By and large, the valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell — in other words, the last electrons added.
    • For reasons that are a piddling as well complex to explicate hither, when electrons are added to the outermost d shell of a transition metallic (more on this below), the first electrons that get into the shell tend to act like normal valence electrons, but after that, they don't, and electrons from other orbital layers sometimes human activity as valence electrons instead. This means that an atom can have multiple numbers of valence electrons depending on how it is manipulated.

  3. 3

    Determine the number of valence electrons based on the group number. Once again, the group number of the element you are examining can tell you its valence electrons. Still, for the transition metals, there isn't a design you tin can follow — grouping number will usually represent to a range of possible numbers of valence electrons. These are:

    • Group iii: 3 valence electrons
    • Grouping 4: ii to 4 valence electrons
    • Group 5: two to five valence electrons
    • Group 6: two to 6 valence electrons
    • Grouping 7: 2 to seven valence electrons
    • Group 8: 2 or 3 valence electrons
    • Group 9: ii or 3 valence electrons
    • Group 10: 2 or 3 valence electrons
    • Group 11: 1 or 2 valence electrons
    • Grouping 12: 2 valence electrons
    • In our instance, since Tantalum is in grouping v, nosotros can say that it has between two and five valence electrons, depending on the situation.

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  1. 1

    Learn how to read an electron configuration. Another way to discover an element'due south valence electrons is with something called an electron configuration. These may at first look complicated, merely they're but a way to represent the electron orbitals in an cantlet with messages and numbers and they're easy one time you know what you're looking at.

    • Let's look at an example configuration for the element sodium (Na):
      1s22sii2p63sane
    • Notice that this electron configuration is just a repeating string that goes like this:
      (number)(letter)(raised number)(number)(letter)(raised number)...
    • ...and so on. The (number)(alphabetic character) chunk is the name of the electron orbital and the (raised number) is the number of electrons in that orbital — that'southward information technology!
    • So, for our example, we would say that sodium has 2 electrons in the 1s orbital plus 2 electrons in the 2s orbital plus 6 electrons in the 2p orbital plus 1 electron in the 3s orbital. That's xi electrons full — sodium is element number 11, so this makes sense.
    • Go along in listen that each subshell has a certain electron capacity. Their electron capacities are every bit follows:
      • s: 2 electron capacity
      • p: six electron capacity
      • d:ten electron chapters
      • f: 14 electron capacity

  2. 2

    Find the electron configuration for the element you are examining. Once y'all know an chemical element's electron configuration, finding its number of valence electrons is quite unproblematic (except, of course, for the transition metals.) If yous're given the configuration from the get-go, you can skip to the next footstep. If you have to find it yourself, see below:

    • Examine consummate electron configuration for oganesson (Og), element 118, which is the last element on the periodic table. It has the most electrons of whatever element, and so its electron configuration demonstrates all of the possibilities you could come across in other elements:
      1s22s22p63sii3phalf-dozen4s23d104p65stwo4dten5p66sii4fxiv5d106p67s25fxiv6d107pvi
    • Now that yous take this, all y'all demand to exercise to find another cantlet's electron configuration is just fill in this design from the beginning until you lot run out of electrons. This is easier than information technology sounds. For example, if we want to make the orbital diagram for chlorine (Cl), element 17, which has 17 electrons, we would practise it like this:
      1s22s22p63stwo3p5
    • Observe that the number of electrons adds up to 17: 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 17. Y'all only need to change the number in the final orbital — the rest is the same since the orbitals earlier the final i are completely full.
    • For more on electron configurations, meet also this article.

  3. 3

    Assign electrons to orbital shells with the Octet Rule. As electrons are added to an cantlet, they fall into various orbitals co-ordinate to the order given higher up — the starting time two go into the 1s orbital, the two afterward that become into the 2s orbital, the six after that go into the 2p orbital, and so on. When we're dealing with atoms outside of the transition metals, we say that these orbitals form "orbital shells" effectually the nucleus, with each successive shell being farther out than the ones before. Besides the very first beat out, which tin can hold only two electrons, each beat can have eight electrons (except, once again, when dealing with transition metals.) This is chosen the Octet Dominion.

    • For instance, let'due south say nosotros're looking at the element Boron (B). Since its atomic number is five, we know it has five electrons and its electron configuration looks similar this: 1s22s22pane. Since the first orbital shell has only two electrons, we know that Boron has two shells: one with two 1s electrons and 1 with three electrons from the 2s and 2p orbitals.
    • As another example, an element like chlorine (1stwo2sii2p63s23pv) will have three orbital shells: i with two 1s electrons, ane with two 2s electrons and six 2p electrons, and one with 2 3s electrons and v 3p electrons.

  4. 4

    Find the number of electrons in the outermost trounce. Now that you know your element'south electron shells, finding the valence electrons is easy: just use the number of electrons in the outermost vanquish. If the outer shell is total (in other words, if information technology has eight electrons or, for the outset shell, ii), the element is inert and will non react hands with other elements. Again, all the same, things don't quite follow these rules for transition metals.

    • For case, if we're working with Boron, since there are three electrons in the second vanquish, nosotros can say that Boron has iii valence electrons.

  5. five

    Use the rows of the table equally orbital crush shortcuts. The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called the element "periods." Starting from the superlative of the tabular array, each menstruum corresponds to the number of electron shells the atoms in the period possess. You can use this every bit a shortcut to determine how many valence electrons an element has — just start from the left side of its period when counting electrons. Once again, y'all'll want to ignore the transition metals with this method, which includes groups iii-12.

    • For case, we know the element selenium has four orbital shells considering information technology is in the 4th flow. Since it is the sixth element from the left in the fourth period (ignoring the transition metals), nosotros know that the outer fourth beat has six electrons, and, thus, that Selenium has six valence electrons.

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Add New Question

  • Question

    How practise we compute valence electron?

    saksham jain

    saksham jain

    Community Answer

    Valence electrons can be institute past determining the electronic configurations of elements. Thereafter the number of electrons in the outermost shell gives the total number of valence electrons in that chemical element.

  • Question

    If an atom has 33 electrons, how many valence electrons are there?

    Community Answer

    If the atom is not an ion, so we can say that the atom has 33 protons. This means it is element 33, which is arsenic. Then we know that it is non a transition metal, and then we look and discover the unit of measurement digit of its group number is 5, which means information technology has v valence electrons.

  • Question

    How do I determine the diminutive number of helium?

    Community Answer

    The number of protons equals the atomic number.

  • Question

    Why do the electrons gain negative accuse and not positive accuse?

    Community Answer

    Atoms gain or lose electrons, negative charges, because the protons have the positive charge and they are held in the nucleus by the strong nuclear strength. This is i of four singled-out forces in the Universe: gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force and the stiff nuclear forcefulness. It's got to be strong because protons repel each other yet they are actually close together in the nucleus (along with the neutrons, also held past the strong force.) The idea is that the stiff force is extremely strong but simply over very tiny distances. Think tiny super strong hooks. To get protons and neutrons to claw up, y'all need forces like the immense gravity of a star, a supernova, or nuclear explosion.

  • Question

    What is the valance electron of noble gases?

    Community Answer

    Noble gases accept 8 valence electrons - the most stable state for an element.

  • Question

    Why does nitrogen take six valance electrons only it is in group xv?

    Community Answer

    Nitrogen [N] has merely v valance electrons because it is in group 5, though it is actually in group 15 yous are going to ignore the transitional metals [group iii-12] because these groups have different way of determining their valence electrons. Therefore: grouping 13 means grouping 3 and so on and so forth.

  • Question

    An cantlet has 7 protons, 8 neurons, and 7 electrons. What's the number of electrons in its valence shell?

    Community Answer

    The chemical element that contains 7 protons is Nitrogen. Nitrogen is in the cavalcade of elements that has 5 electrons in the valence shell. The number of neutrons is irrelevant to finding the number of valence electrons in a specific element.

  • Question

    Where on the Periodic Table are the atoms with seven outer beat electrons located?

    Community Answer

    Wait in the 2d to last column on the right hand side, next to the inert gases.

  • Question

    What is a valence electron?

    Community Answer

    A valence electron is an electron that is found on the outermost part of an cantlet and can be shared or taken in a reaction.

  • Question

    Why do elements in periodic tabular array have different numbers of valence electrons?

    Community Answer

    They have different chemical structures. Valence electrons are what create chemic reactions.

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  • Note that electron configurations tin be written in a sort of shorthand by using noble gasses (the elements in group 18) to stand in for the orbitals at the start of the configuration. For instance, sodium'southward electron configuration tin can exist written [Ne]3s1 — essentially, it'southward the same as neon, but with one more electron in the 3s orbital.

  • Transition metals may accept valence subshells that aren't completely filled. Determining the verbal number of valence electrons in transition metals involves principles of quantum theory that are across the telescopic of this commodity.

  • Do take note that periodic tables differ from country to country. So, delight check that you are using the correct, updated ane in order to avoid confusion.

  • Exist sure to know when to add or subtract from the terminal orbital for finding valence electrons.

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Things You'll Need

  • Periodic table of elements
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About This Article

Article Summary X

To find valence electrons using a period table, first see if your atom is a transitional metal, which are the elements in the middle rectangle of the table. If the cantlet is outside this cake, locate its group number along the top of the table. The ones digit in the group number is the number of valence electrons. To solve without a periodic table, find the electron configuration of the element and count the electrons into ane grouping of 2, then into shells of 8. The number in the last group is the amount of valence electrons. Read on for in-depth explanations and examples.

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